Endnotes
1 Nicholas Crafts and Peter Fearon, “Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 26, no 3 (2010): 286.
2 Crafts and Fearon, 305.
3 M. M. Herrmann, “The Modern Day ‘Victory Garden,’” Procedia Engineering 118 (2015): 648.
4 “Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey (SIC),” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 8, 2023, https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LFU21000100&series_id=LFU22000100&from_year=1929&to_year=1939&periods_option=specific_periods&periods=Annual+Data.
5 Crafts and Fearon, 292.
6 Robert A. McLeman, et al.,”What We Learned From the Dust Bowl: Lessons in Science, Policy, and Adaptation,” Population and Environment 35 (2014): 425-428.
7 Noah Zweig, “Foregrounding Public Cinema and Rural Audiences: The USDA Motion Picture Service as Cinematic Modernism, 1908-38,” Journal of Popular Film and Television 37, no. 3 (2009): 123. Cecilia Gowdy-Wygant, Cultivating Victory: The Women’s Land Army and the Victory Garden Movement (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013): 101.
8 Richard E. Holl, “Food for Freedom,” in Committed to Victory: The Kentucky Home Front during World War II (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2015), 82.
9 Holl, 82.
10 Mark H. Leff, “The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II,” The Journal of American History 77, no. 4 (1991): 1296-1297; Terrence H. Witkowski, “World War II Poster Campaigns: Preaching Frugality to American Consumers,” The Journal of Advertising 32, no. 1 (2003): 71.
11 Witkowski, 71.
12 Caroline Cornell, “The Housewife’s Battle on the Home Front: Women in World War II Advertisements,” The Forum: Journal of History 2, no. 1 (2010): 30.
13 Cornell, 31-34.
14 Witkowski, 71.
15 Witkowski, 71.
16 Lyman Carrier, “The United States Agricultural Society, 1852-1860: Its Relation to the Origin of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Land Grant Colleges,” Agricultural History 11, no. 4 (1937): 287.
17 Adrienne Petty and Mark Schultz, “African-American Farmers and the USDA: 150 Years of Discrimination,” in Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture, Sarah T. Phillips, et al., Agricultural History 87, no. 3 (Summer 2013): 333.
18 Sarah T. Phillips, “What Next? The USDA at One Hundred and One Hundred Fifty Years Old,” Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture, Sarah T. Phillips, et al., Agricultural History 87, no. 3 (Summer 2013): 318.
19 Phillips, 318.
20 McLeman, et al., 425.
21 Phillips, 320.
22 J. Emmett Winn, Documenting Racism: African Americans in US Department of Agriculture Documentaries, 1921-1942 (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, Inc., 2012), 6.
23 Gowdy-Wygant, 125; Petty and Schultz, 339.
24 Gowdy-Wygant, 134.
25 Winn, 1-2.
26 Winn, 3-4.
27 Zweig, 119-122.
28 Zweig, 123.
29 Winn, 4.
30 Zweig, 122.
31 Winn, 3.
32 Winn, 8.
33 Winn, 10.
34 Winn, 10.
35 Jaime K. Secrist, “Victory of the Garden: Politics in American Gardens, 1801-2014,” (master’s thesis, California State University San Marcos, 2015), 59-60.
36 Victory Harvest. United States Department of Agriculture. 1945. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 6:00, https://media.dlib.indiana.edu/media_objects/0c483j63c.
37 The Farmer’s Wife. United States Department of Agriculture. 1942. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 5:45, https://media.dlib.indiana.edu/media_objects/j6731396q.
38 The Gardens of Victory. Better Homes & Gardens. 1943. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 1:45. https://media.dlib.indiana.edu/media_objects/vd66w001w.
39 Winn, 11.
40 Gowdy-Wygant, 65.
41 Herrmann, 647.
42 Herrmann, 648.
43 Char. Miller, “In the Sweat of Our Brow: Citizenship in American Domestic Practice During WWII–Victory Gardens,” The Journal of American Culture 26, no. 3 (2003): 396.
44 Secrist, 42.
45 Susan L. Andreatta, “Through the Generations: Victory Gardens for Tomorrow’s Tables,” Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment 37, no. 1 (2015): 40.
46 Secrist, 119.
47 Cornell, 34; The Gardens of Victory, 6:10.
48 Secrist, 73.
49 Gowdy-Wygant, 159.
50 Cornell, 34; Miller, 406.
51 Gowdy-Wygant, 137; Secrist, 59-60.
52 Saving the Garden Crop. United States Department of Agriculture. 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive. https://media.dlib.indiana.edu/media_objects/4m90dv58z.
53 Andreatta, 39-40.
54 Holl, 94-96.
55 Gowdy-Wygant, 169.
56 Secrist, 41.
57 Gowdy-Wygant, 168-176.
58 Andreatta, 39.
59 Secrist, 59-60; Gowdy-Wygant, 65, 170; Herrmann, 648.
60 Gowdy-Wygant, 65.
61 Cornell, 35.
62 Gowdy-Wygant, 59, 166.
63 Hidden Weapons, United States Department of Agriculture. 1942. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 3:00-4:00. https://media.dlib.indiana.edu/media_objects/mc87pq36b.
64 Hidden Weapons, 8:45.
65 Gowdy-Wygant, 125; Victory Harvest, 11:30.
66 Gowdy-Wygant, 125; Victory Harvest, 12:45.
67 Holl, 102.
68 Victory Harvest, 2:43.
69 Gowdy-Wygant, 118.
70 Victory Harvest, 6:00.
71 Jacob J. Kaufman, “Farm Labor during World War II,” Journal of Farm Economics 31, no. 1 (1949): 132.
72 Kaufman, 132.
73 Holl, 84.
74 Holl, 90.
75 Holl, 104.
76 Gowdy-Wygant, 65.
77 Gowdy-Wygant, 59, 166.
78 Melissa A. McEuen, Making War, Making Women: Femininity and Duty on the American Home Front, 1941-1945 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 179-187.
79 Gowdy-Wygant, 125.
80 Gowdy-Wygant, 126.
81 McEuen, 138.
82 McEuen, 48.
83 Cornell, 29, 39; Gowdy-Wygant, 119; McEuen, 115.
84 McEuen, 144.
85 McEuen, 30.
86 Gowdy-Wygant, 160.
87 Gowdy-Wygant, 122.
88 McEuen, 10.
89 Karl Lillquist, “Farming the Desert: Agriculture in the World War II–Era Japanese-American Relocation Centers,” Agricultural History 84, no. 1 (2010): 97.
90 Victory Harvest, 11:30.
91 Winn, 121.
92 McEuen, 30.
93 Quil Lawrence, “Black Vets Were Excluded from GI Bill Benefits– A Bill in Congress Aims to Fix That,” NPR, October 18, 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/10/18/1129735948/black-vets-were-excluded-from-gi-bill-benefits-a-bill-in-congress-aims-to-fix-th#:~:text=Press-,Black%20vets%20were%20excluded%20from%20GI%20bill%20benefits%20%E2%80%94%20a%20bill,and%20came%20home%20to%20segregation.
94 Petty and Schultz, 332.
95 Zweig, 123.
96 Petty and Schultz, 339-340.
97 Winn, 111.
98 “1942: Bracero Program,” “A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States,” Library of Congress, Accessed June 10, 2023, https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/bracero-program.
99 Thomas A. Guglielmo, “Fighting for Caucasian Rights: Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and the Transnational Struggle for Civil Rights in World War II Texas,” The Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (2006): 1212-1216.
100 Guglielmo, 1216; Gowdy-Wygant, 125.
101 Guglielmo, 1216-1217.
102 “1942: Bracero Program.”