Endnotes
1 Nicholas Crafts and Peter Fearon, “Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 26, no 3 (2010): 286.
2 Crafts and Fearon, 305.
3 Robert A. McLeman, et al.,”What We Learned From the Dust Bowl: Lessons in Science, Policy, and Adaptation,” Population and Environment 35 (2014): 425-428.
4 “Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey (SIC),” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 8, 2023, https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LFU21000100&series_id=LFU22000100&from_year=1929&to_year=1939&periods_option=specific_periods&periods=Annual+Data.
5 Cecilia Gowdy-Wygant, Cultivating Victory: The Women’s Land Army and the Victory Garden Movement (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013): 56.
6 Adrienne Petty and Mark Schultz, “African-American Farmers and the USDA: 150 Years of Discrimination,” in Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture, Sarah T. Phillips, et al., Agricultural History 87, no. 3 (Summer 2013): 339-340; Karl Lillquist, “Farming the Desert: Agriculture in the World War II–Era Japanese-American Relocation Centers,” Agricultural History 84, no. 1 (2010): 75;
7 J. Emmett Winn, Documenting Racism: African Americans in US Department of Agriculture Documentaries, 1921-1942 (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, Inc., 2012), 121; Kenneth L. Kusmer, “African Americans in the City Since World War II: From the Industrial to the Post-Industrial Era,” Journal of Urban History 21, no. 4 (May 1995): 458-459; John Modell, Marc Goulden, and Sigurdur Magnusson, “World War II in the Lives of Black Americans: Some Findings and Interpretation,” The Journal of American History 76, no. 3 (1989): 838-842.
8 George Lavos, “Unfounded Objections to Hiring the Handicapped,” Journal of Consulting Psychology 7, no. 4 (1943): 191-192; Ross A. McFarland, “Physically Handicapped Workers,” Harvard Business Review 23, no. 1 (1944): 3-4; Paul K. Longmore and David Goldberger, “The League of the Physically Handicapped and the Great Depression: A Case Study in the New Disability History,” The Journal of American History 87, no. 3 (2000): 893-898.
9 Longmore and Goldberger, 898.
10 Richard E. Holl, “Food for Freedom,” in Committed to Victory: The Kentucky Home Front during World War II (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2015), 82.
11 McFarland, 16.
12 Gowdy-Wygant, 119, 125; Modell, Goulden, and Magnusson, 839; Paul K. Longmore, “Making Disability an Essential Part of American History,” OAH Magazine of History 23, no. 3 (2009): 11; Caroline Cornell, “The Housewife’s Battle on the Home Front: Women in World War II Advertisements,” The Forum: Journal of History 2, no. 1 (2010): 29, 39; Melissa A. McEuen, Making War, Making Women: Femininity and Duty on the American Home Front, 1941-1945 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 115; Lavos, 193.
13 McEuen, 30; McFarland, 17.
14 Longmore, 11; McFarland, 16; H. A. Vonachen, “Utilizing Handicapped Workers,” The Journal of Educational Sociology 18, no. 2 (1944): 122.
15 McFarland, 16; Vonachen, 118.
16 Michael J. Steudeman, “From Civic Imperative to Bird’s-Eye View: Renegotiating the Idioms of Education Governance during the Reconstruction Era,” History of Education Quarterly 58, no. 2 (2018): 205-206.
17 Goodwin Liu, “Education, Equality, and National Citizenship,” The Yale Law Journal (2006): 379; Leonard Glenn Smith, “A History of the United States Office of Education, 1867-1967” (Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, 1967), 6-7.
18 Steudeman, 201; Liu, 373.
19 Smith, 18.
20 Smith, 18; Liu, 374.
21 Smith, 199, 201, 236-238, 247-248.
22 Smith, 173, 193.
23 Smith, 194.
24 Smith, 197-198, 206.
25 Smith, 194.
26 “The Federal Role in Education,” U.S. Department of Education, June 5, 2021, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html.
27 Smith, 207-208; John C. Patterson, “Activities of the United States Office of Education in the Inter-American Field,” The Journal of Educational Sociology 16, no. 3 (1942): 134.
28 James Carl Messersmith, “The United States Office of Education: Its Administrative Status in the Federal Hierarchy” (doctoral dissertation, George Washington University, 1956), 88-102.
29 Smith, 242-244; Department of Education Website.
30 Smith, 245.
31 Smith, 261,264; Lui, 402.
32 Smith, 254; Department of Education Website.
33 Liu, 401-402.
34 “David Isaac Pincus,” FindaGrave. October 12, 2020, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/216728960/david-isaac-pincus.
35 “David Isaac Pincus.”
36 Robert A. Reiser, “A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media,” Educational Technology Research and Development 49, no. 1 (2001): 57.
37 “$1 Million Production Center Opens in N.Y.,” Box Office, October 26, 1957, 14.
38 “Buckeye Expands, Gets Caravel Films,” Broadcasting, October 5, 1959, 82.
39 “Pivar, Pincus Plan Phoenix TV Center,” Broadcasting, June 25, 1962, 60-62.
40 Floyde E. Brooker, Training Films for Industry: Final Report on the War Training Program of the Division of Visual Aids for War Training (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946), 90.
41 “About the IU Audio-Visual Center,” Indiana University Moving Image Archive, Accessed September 30, 2023, https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/about-iuavc.
42 Introducing the New Worker to His Job, United States Office of Education, 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 13:15. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/1460; Maintaining Workers’ Interest, United States Office of Education, 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 01:35. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/1480.
43 Planning and Laying Out Work, United States Office of Education, 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 07:02. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/1455; Working with Other Supervisors, United States Office of Education, 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 00:33. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/1418.
44 Supervising Workers on the Job, United States Office of Education, 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive, 6:00. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/1417.
45 No women shown in the workplace: Improving the Job, United States Office of Education, 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/1481; Maintaining Quality Standards, United States Office of Education, 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/1490; Planning and Laying Out Work. Films without minorities: Planning and Laying Out Work; Maintaining Workers’ Interest; Supervising Workers on the Job; Introducing the New Worker to His Job; Improving the Job; Maintaining Quality Standards; Placing the Right Man on the Job, United States Office of Education, 1944. Indiana University Moving Image Archive. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/1456.
46 Gowdy-Wygant, 56.
47 Gowdy-Wygant, 59, 166.
48 Terrence H. Witkowski, “World War II Poster Campaigns: Preaching Frugality to American Consumers,” The Journal of Advertising 32, no. 1 (2003):71.
49 McEuen,179-187.
50 McEuen,1.
51 Cornell, 31-34.
52 McEuen, 1.
53 Supervising Women Workers, United States Office of Education, 1945. Indiana University Moving Image Archive. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/world-war-ii-propaganda-films/item/129.
54 Supervising Women Workers, 07:10.
55 Working with Other Supervisors, 01:30.
56 Gowdy-Wygant, 160.
57 Jan Van Bavel and David S. Reher, “The Baby Boom and Its Causes: What We Know and What We Need to Know,” Population and Development Review 39, no. 2 (2013): 271-273.
58 Van Bavel and Reher, 275.
59 On the lack of women laborers: Maintaining Quality Standards; Introducing the New Worker to His Job. On the prominent inclusion of homemaker wives: Planning and Laying Out Work, 00:40; Improving the Job 00:56; Supervising Women Workers, 05:07.
60 Working with Other Supervisors, 01:30; Improving the Job, 00:56.
61 McEuen, 210-213.
62 Marcia Pearce Burgdorf and Robert Burgdorf Jr., “A History of Unequal Treatment: The Qualifications of Handicapped Persons as a Suspect Class Under the Equal Protection Clause,” Santa Clara Lawyer 15, (1974): 870-872.
63 Burgdorf and Burgdorf, 871.
64 Burgdorf and Burgdorf, 872.
65 Burgdorf and Burgdorf, 872-873.
66 McFarland, 1-8; Lavos, 191-194.
67 Longmore and Goldberger, 897.
68 Longmore and Goldberger, 898.
69 Longmore and Goldberger, 898.
70 Longmore and Goldberger, 900-910; Longmore, 11.
71 McFarland, 2.
72 McFarland, 2.
73 John A. Kratz, “Security for the Handicapped,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 202, no. 1 (1939): 104.
74 McFarland, 1-8; Lavos, 191-194; Vonachen, 119-120.
75 McFarland, 17.
76 McFarland, 16.
77 McFarland, 16.
78 Vonachen, 118-120; Lavos, 196.
79 William P. McCahill, “Rehabilitation and Placement of Handicapped Workers,” Monthly Labor Review, (1948): 282.
80 Linquist, 75; Noah Zweig, “Foregrounding Public Cinema and Rural Audiences: The USDA Motion Picture Service as Cinematic Modernism, 1908-38,” Journal of Popular Film and Television 37, no. 3 (2009): 123.
81 Winn, 121; Kusmer, 458-459; Modell, Goulden, and Magnusson, 839.
82 Kusmer, 460-462; Cheryl Lynn Greenberg, To Ask for an Equal Chance: African Americans in the Great Depression (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2011), 21.
83 Winn, 121.
84 Greenberg, Equal Chance, 21.
85 William A. Sundstrom, “Last Hired, First Fired? Unemployment and Urban Black Workers During the Great Depression,” The Journal of Economic History 52, no. 2 (1992): 417.
86 Sundstrom, 417.
87 Linda Levine, “The Labor Market During the Great Depression and the Current Recession,” Congressional Research Service, (2009): 11.
88 Sundstrom, 423; Cheryl Lynn Greenberg, “Or Does it Explode?”: Black Harlem in the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 43-44.
89 Robert L. Boyd, “Race, Labor Market Disadvantage, and Survivalist Entrepreneurship: Black Women in the Urban North During the Great Depression,” Sociological Forum 15, (2000): 651-653.
90 Sundstrom, 415; Kusmer, 458-459.
91 Levine, 12.
92 Greenberg, Equal Chance, 23-24.
93 Greenberg, Equal Chance, 21; Petty and Schultz, 339.
94 Kusmer, 458-459; Modell, Goulden, and Magnusson, 839.
95 Richard B. Freeman, et al., “Changes in the Labor Market for Black Americans, 1948-72,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, no. 1 (1973): 69 ; Andreas Ferrara, “World War II and Black Economic Progress,” Journal of Labor Economics 40, no. 4 (2022): 1059; Kusmer, 458-459.
96 Modell, Goulden, & Magnusson, 842.
97 Supervising Workers on the Job. In distant background briefly, Introducing the New Worker to His Job.
98 Winn, 110.
99 Ferrara, 1056.
100 Ferrara, 1054.
101 Winn, 121; Petty and Schultz, 339.
102 McEuen, 30; Ferrara, 1058.
103 Quil Lawrence, “Black Vets Were Excluded from GI Bill Benefits– A Bill in Congress Aims to Fix That,” NPR, October 18, 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/10/18/1129735948/black-vets-were-excluded-from-gi-bill-benefits-a-bill-in-congress-aims-to-fix-th#:~:text=Press-,Black%20vets%20were%20excluded%20from%20GI%20bill%20benefits%20%E2%80%94%20a%20bill,and%20came%20home%20to%20segregation.