1808

Candidate	Popular	Electoral
James Madison Democratic-Republican	*	122
Charles C. Pinckney Federalist	*	47
George Clinton Independent Democratic-Republican	*	6
*popular vote was not recorded James Madison (1821) by Gilbert Stuart (public domain)

Ograbme, or The American Snapping-turtle

6A-1066494

To The Grave Go Sham Protectors of Free Trade and Sailors' Rights- And All The People Say, 'Amen.'

6B-1066495

Several American seamen were killed and four were impressed into British naval service in an encounter in June of 1807. Jefferson countered with a trade embargo that proved harmful to business, difficult to enforce, and fairly ineffectual (6A-1066494). Its unpopularity cast a shadow over the 1808 campaign of Madison, Jefferson's handpicked successor. And even though the "head" of the embargo had been cut off with the repeal of the act, it still held onto Madison tightly, but not so tightly as to prevent his election (6B-1066495).