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Bodhisattva Rescuing a Child from the Smallpox Demon
Frontispiece promoting vaccination -
Gressenhall Workhouse
When poverty increased due to the growth of the population and other economic and social changes in the second half of the 18th century, the scale of the problem encouraged the local authorities to consider new approaches. In 1774 a group of magistrates in the 'hundreds' of Mitford and Launditch proposed that all of the parishes in those districts should combine to build one large 'house of industry' where the helpless could be properly looked after and those capable of work could be profitably employed. In 1776 Chapel Farm - an estate of almost 62 acres in Gressenhall - was purchased. Between 1777 and 1794 the house had an average number of 450 inmates, with a highest total level of 670 in 1801. There were 'cottages' or apartments for married couples in the eastern wing and the sick were being cared for in the building which had been Chapel Farm. 'Women of bad character' were kept apart from the other inmates and had to wear distinctive clothing so as to be easily recognised. Before 1836 the inmates received regular meals, including vegetables and bread made with flour from a windmill erected in 1781 and beer which was brewed on the premises. With the introduction of the 'new poor law', Gressenhall became a union workhouse. Its inmates were divided into separate categories, a process which entailed the separation of husbands and wives, and the married couples' 'cottages' were replaced by dormitories and day rooms. Unmarried mothers were still distinguished by being made to wear a 'jacket' made of the same material as the other workhouse clothes. Discipline was very strict, the inmates' diet after 1836 was meagre and monotonous, and although the daily routine and hours of work were similar to those in the house of industry in the 1700s, the inmates now received no payment for their work, except for a few who were rewarded for particular responsibilities with small gratuities. It was mainly the children who appeared to have benefited from the new system - the workhouse schools at Gressenhall were large and, by the standards of the time, progressive. In 1853, the building which is now Cherry Tree Cottage (https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1309548) was erected to provide accommodation for aged married couples - the first relaxation in the policy of segregation of the sexes. And a chapel was erected with funds raised by private subscription and opened on 2nd December 1868. By the turn of the century the initial harshness of the new poor law had softened but the workhouse was still hated and feared by the poor. The workhouse complex included the village row (https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1309567) which housed the village shop (https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1309572) and the post office (https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1309576) with a school room adjoining at one end (https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1309579). After the National Assistance Act had brought an end to the poor law in 1948 the main buildings continued to provide accommodation for the elderly until 1974. In 1975, the entire site was transferred to the then Norfolk Museums Service, and the Norfolk Rural Life Museum was opened a year later. The workhouse buildings were repaired and restored, and displays are now telling the story of the workhouse and its inmates in depth for the first time. -
Orthodox Holy Trinity St. Nicholas Chapel
Orthodox Holy Trinity St. Nicholas Chapel at Fort Ross, Sonoma County, California. The chapel is part of the Fort Ross State Historic Park. The chapel was originally built in the mid-1820s and got destroyed in the 1906 earthquake. In 1970, a restored version of the chapel was entirely destroyed in an accidental fire. The photo shows the reconstructed chapel, built in 1973. It continues to be used for Orthodox religious services. -
Seal and signature of Nemesio de Salcedo
The signature and seal of Colonel {Royal Spanish Army} Nemesio Salcedo in 1791; adapted from digital images of official documents preserved in Archivo General de Indias -
El Camino Real
El Camino Real plaque at Las Flores View Point (I-5 southbound exit 63 "Vista Point") near Camp Pendleton, approximately 14 miles north of Highway 76 in San Diego County, California, U.S.A.; The shadowy formation above the horizon is Santa Catalina Island. -
Benjamin Waterhouse
Portrait of Benjamin Waterhouse at the age of 79 -
19th century Ainu storehouse
Gelatin silver print photograph of traditional ainu storehouse, with child in traditional costume visible at lower left corner, taken c. 1890s. Original photo owned by the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston: -
Mutsuhito, The Meiji Emperor (1873)
English: The Imperial Household Agency chose Uchida Kuichi, one of the most renowned photographers in Japan at the time, as the only artist permitted to photograph the Meiji Emperor in 1872 and again in 1873. Up to this point, no emperor had ever been photographed. Uchida established his reputation making portraits of samurai loyal to the ruling Tokugawa shogunate. Japanese: 明治6年(1873年)10月、内田九一によって撮影された明治天皇肖像写真(めいじ てんのう)。 -
Nabeshima Naomasa
Portrait painting of Nabeshima Naomasa, by Kaneyuki Hyakutake who painted it in Rome in 1884. Possibly a painting based on a photo. -
Count of Castro Terreño
Spanish: Retrato del conde de Castro-Terreño (Prudencio Guadalfajara y Aguilera, 1761-1855) English: Portrait of the Count of Castro-Terreño (Prudencio Guadalfajara and Aguilera, 1761-1855) -
Chalres IV of Spain and His Family
Spanish: Aparecen Goya, los infantes Carlos María Isidro, Francisco de Paula, Carlota Joaquina, María Josefa, María Luisa, Gabriel Antonio, Carlos Luis. También se observa a Luis de Etruria, esposo de María Luisa. Ésta carga en brazos a su hijo Carlos Luis. Otras figuras son los reyes Carlos IV y María Luisa de Parma, el príncipe Fernando y su esposa María Antonieta. English: Goya, the infants Carlos María Isidro, Francisco de Paula, Carlota Joaquina, María Josefa, María Luisa, Gabriel Antonio, Carlos Luis. Luis de Etruria, husband of Maria Luisa, is also observed. This carries his son Carlos Luis in his arms. Other figures are Kings Charles IV and Maria Luisa de Parma, Prince Ferdinand and his wife Marie Antoinette. -
Portrait of the Cock Blomhoff Family
Painting depicting the Cock Blomhoff family with servants. Left, sitting on the chair: Jan Cock Blomhoff, opperhoofd on the trading island of Dejima. Standing beside the canapé: a European wet nurse (probably Petronella Muns). Sitting on the canapé: Titia Cock Blomhoff, née Bergsma, wife of Jan Cock Blomhoff. Her little son at her side. To the right two Javanese servants. -
Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin
English: Portrait of Captain 1st Rank V.M. Golovnina Russian: Русский: Портрет капитана 1-го ранга В.М. Головнина -
Progression of the smallpox rash
Two images showing the eruption of smallpox on the same hand twenty four hours later and shows the papular eruption disclosed almost in its full numerical severity -
Dejima In Nagasaki Bay
English: Painting of Japanese and Dutch trade on Dejima (in Nagasaki). The view includes two Dutch ships and numerous Chinese trading junks. Japanese: 出島における日蘭貿易 -
Man scarred and blinded by smallpox
Man with facial scarring and blindness due to smallpox -
Tokugawa family crest
English: Coat of arms of the Tokugawa Dynasty Turkish: Tokugawa Hanedanlığı arması -
Thorns used for variolation in Palestine
Two thorns used for smallpox inoculation in Palestine. Shaheen, a third generation medicine man, used peeled thorns as lancets to inoculate patients against smallpox. The thorn was used to spread the pus from a case of smallpox between the web of the thumb and forefinger on the right hand of the patient. Three small punctures were made to introduce smallpox into the body. The hand was then smelt by the patient as medicine men believed the vapours would doubly inoculate the patient. This method of inoculation was tested by medical officers who claimed Shaheen had a fifty per cent success rate. The framed thorns were presented by the Senior Medical Officer of the region where Shaheen practised in Dawaimeh, Palestine. -
Knife for smallpox inoculation
Drawing of an inoculation knife from Sun Shi yi'an (Doctor Sun's Casebooks) by Sun Qishun (Qing period, 1644-1911), dated 1817 (22nd year of the Jiaqing reign period of the Qing dynasty, Ding Chou year).Doctor Sun's Casebooks run to 68 juan (volumes). In them, Sun Qishun records a variety of case histories under the rubrics 'Nei' (Internal), 'Wai' External), Fu(Gynecological), Er(Paediatric) and Wuguan(Five sensory organs). This illustration comes from Book 1: 'Inoculation with cowpox'. The text states: The inoculation knife is made from pure steel and has a sharp point. It is shaped like a dagger with a sharp double-edged blade, approximately 1 cun [Chinese inch, c. 3 cm.] in length and 0.2-0.3 cun in width. It is kept in a protective sheath. During inoculation, with the aid of this knife, the pox is pierced and pus obtained, which is then inoculated into the xiaoluo (Extinguishing Brightness) and qinglengyuan (Clear Cold Abyss) acu-moxa points of both arms of the child, who is thus prevented from succumbing to infection. -
Madrid: Early 19th Century
Spanish: Veduta de Giuseppe Canella (1820). Puede verse Madrid desde su flanco occidental, con el Puente de Segovia en primer término y al fondo el Palacio Real y la Basílica de San Francisco el Grande. English: Veduta by Giuseppe Canella (1820). Madrid can be seen from its western flank, with the Segovia Bridge in the first direction and in the background the Royal Palace and the Basilica of San Francisco el Grande. -
Box containing sample of cow lymph
Wooden box containing tube of calf lymph, England, 1888. After calves had been inoculated with smallpox, the lymph containing white blood cells which fight against disease are extracted and preserved in capillary tubes. This is then used to vaccinate people against smallpox. Calf lymph replaced the human kind in 1898 as human lymph spread other infections, such as syphilis. The vaccine was blown on to a clean arm and scratched into the skin using a needle or pin point. The vaccine was supplied by the Association for the Supply of Pure Vaccine Lymph, as the compliment slip shows.