4 10 201 https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/a5848a3a8c73c1a7f46dc25d0d42f322.jpg 4a21d10ea4116edfb8499fa01266ee23 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sw6t Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 33:00 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators U.K. Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). Lidice, Czechoslovakia Cwmgiedd, Wales Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Silent Village Description An account of the resource The true story of the massacre of Lidice, a small Czech village, by the Nazis is retold as if it happened in Wales. The film brings home the horrors of the German massacred by relocating it to a tradtional mining village in the British isles. The village is portrayed as a wholesome, hardworking community through scenes of ordinary, daily life at the local church, school, train station, grocer, field, and mine. The calm is shattered as Nazi soldiers arrive to decimate the village. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Humphrey Jennings: producer and director Great Britain. Ministry of Information Great Britain. Crown Film Unit Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource H. E. Fowle: photography; Stewart McAllister: film editor; Jock May: sound; Diana Pine: asst. director Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1943 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sw6t 1943 British Ministry of Information Crown Film Unit Humphrey Jennings Nazis https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/7f220e605d957e26db9e970fb0ea8795.jpg 16726370254b5ec51a2b951f684f1aa3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sp4j Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 14:35 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators Canada Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). Canada Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welcome Soldier! Description An account of the resource This film outlines the various government plans created to help World War II Canadian veterans return to civilian life in the workplace and at home, even with their friends. Cash bonuses, paid educational leave, assured work, free medical services and many other advantages were extended to the veterans to help them reintegrate into civilian life. The reel ends with a group discussion on the film that expands on many of the issues covered in the film and to help the audience prepare for demobilization and a return to a peacetime economy. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Film Board of Canada Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource John Buckley, labor representative of the Ontario Social Security Rehabilitation Committee: group discussion leader. Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1944 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sp4j 1944 factory labor National Film Board of Canada postwar life rehabilitation veterans https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/6a56ce978548df16bbefcce12ea094ce.jpg 1c5eeadae54db8c07905f4ab311adb31 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sq26 Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 13:48 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators U.S. Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). Guam Hamilton Army Airfield, California, United States Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Perishable Rush Description An account of the resource Shows how the Army Air Forces during World War II flew wounded men from Pacific battle areas to hospitals and home towns in the United States. Uses a mix of actual footage and fictional reenactments to follow a soldier from being wounded in action, cared for by medics on the battlefield, undergoing surgery in a mobile hospital near the frontlines, recuperating in Guam, being shipped back to the United States, and convalescence in an army hospital near the soldier's home town. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource U.S. Army Air Forces Motion Picture Unit War Finance Division Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1945 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sq26 1945 airplanes health medical care U.S. Army Air Forces Motion Picture Unit war bonds War Finance Division War in the Pacific https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/e3815320e2ebb13110e2a74e8dc4ad34.jpg d39e6795edaf07c807c882afd1d32774 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702ss2r Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 35:32 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators U.K. Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). U.K. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report From Britain No. 1: Neuro Psychiatry 1943 [Reel 1] Relation A related resource <a href="http://collections.libraries.iub.edu/IULMIA/items/show/127"><em>Report From Britain No. 1: Neuro Psychiatry 1943 </em>[Reel 2]</a> Description An account of the resource <span>Deals with Britain's treatment of mental health in wartime. Shows a specialized hospital for military and civilian patients and gives a picture of its organization and operation, including diagnostic and therapeutic methods, occupational therapy, recreation, and rehabilitation.  </span>To view the second reel of this two-reel film, see: <a href="http://collections.libraries.iub.edu/IULMIA/items/show/127"><em>Report From Britain No. 1: Neuro Psychiatry 1943</em> [Reel 2]</a> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spectator Films Basil Wright: producer Michael Hankinson: director Great Britain. Ministry of Information Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Stephen Ackroyd: script; Cyril Bristwo: photography; W. S. Bland: sound; Ralk Kemplen: editing Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1943 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702ss2r 1943 Basil Wright British Ministry of Information medical care Michael Hankinson postwar trauma rehabilitation Spectator Films https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/73bf1cb4e7eefb0ebb92d08491b1e397.jpg 887348f3193d853d5f7865c33b14863e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sm87 Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 23:56 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm film Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators U.S. Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). Indiana, U.S. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ready on the Home Front Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Indiana Bell Telephone Company Indiana State Defense Council Wilding Picture Productions Inc. Description An account of the resource "Produced by Bell Telephone in cooperation with the Office of Civilian Defense, this film shows the ways in which citizens can cooperate in defending their homes. Beginning with a map of Indiana and closing with a proclamation by Governor Schricker, the film shows such precautionary devices as black-out curtains, home fire-fighting equipment, location of a bomb shelter within the home, and cooperation with defense authorities." (War Films Bulletin of the Extension Division Indiana University, February, 1943, 4) Presents World War II as another example of when Americans have had to take arms to defend their homes. The civilian air defense is shown as supporting the military's policing of the nation's borders from air invaders. The telephone is shown to be a crucial way of connecting civilian observers to the military command. Presents a fictionalized account of how the military would mobilize and respond to an enemy bombing raid on American soil. Also presents the work of a fictionalized air warden who trains local residents on how to safety proof their homes and how he waits on phone calls alerting him of a bombing attack. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ralph Cattell: Scenario, J.M. Constable: Direction, O.P. Lippert: Camera, George Hoover: Camera, H.A. Witt: Sound, L.A. Zochling: Editing; Henry F. Schricker, Indiana governor Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1943 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sm87 1943 civil defense home front Indiana Bell Telephone Company Indiana State Defense Council war effort Wilding Picture Productions Inc. https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/a3d71ec98b0e5cedfd90582e6840bfce.jpg 697b676c1fb2286d2709677bbc8c7192 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sn01 Color/Black & White Color Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 17:27 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators U.S. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Remember these Faces Description An account of the resource "[A] U.S. Navy production which tells how American lives are being saved on the battlefields. It is the story of the courage and sacrifice of the members of the medical force who go ashore with the troops in invasion. With its action beginning on a Pacific Island, newly taken by our fighting men, the camera follows the wounded from the front line to battalion aide stations, to evacuation hospitals, to transports, and finally to hospital ships and giant aircraft which will rush them to base hospitals and the world's best medical aid." ("The Seventh War Loan Drive Is On!" Educational Screen, May, 1945, 194.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource U.S. Navy U.S. Marine Corps U.S. Coast Guard Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1945 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sn01 1945 health medical care navy U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Marine Corps U.S. Navy war bonds War in the Pacific https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/4dd6c113e0570c5df7b34868587f8f43.jpg b75d0c4ed3106771834fce6af335c1b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sn6w Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 18:48 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators U.S. Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). Berlin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Road to Berlin Description An account of the resource <p><span>This film focuses on the many aspects of the wartime production and supply dissemination "chain", from creating goods to navigating the dangerous delivery of shipments. "A Nazi submarine 'wolf pack' racing to intercept a convoy carrying urgently needed supplies - and the race against time by those who handle these supplies and load the convoy - furnish the dramatic elements in this film. The picture brings out the importance of the many jobs, both big and small, performed by men and women who are vital links in the life line to the front and whose war work has received little publicity or praise." (Supplement to Visual Aids Catalog, Indiana University Extension Division, 1945, 15)</span></p> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource U.S. War Office Army Pictorial Services Signal Corps Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1943 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sn6w 1943 Army Pictorial Services Signal Corps military strategy Nazis submarines supplies U.S. War Office war production https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/6fbbe922e7ee16bd9ebc212884740695.jpg 34b3d5ab2562ca7eea2d82dab79eefb0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sh17 Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 20:48 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators Canada Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). Pachino Airfield, Sicily Ispica, Sicily Modica, Sicily Ragusa, Sicily Caltigerone, Sicily Grammichele, Sicily Piazza Armerina, Sicily Temporal Coverage July 10 - August 17, 1943 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sicily: Key to Victory Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The National War Finance Committee National Film Board of Canada Description An account of the resource This Canadian film details the events of Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily which lasted from July 10 - August 17, 1943. Highlighting the actions of the First Division of the Canadian Army, this film documents the lives of the men preparing for and carrying out this successful mission. With seven landing points along 100 miles of coastline, Canadian, British and American troops gained control of Sicily and began the overthrow Benito Mussolini’s government. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Canadian Army Film Unit Overseas: Filmed By Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1943 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sh17 1943 Allies Canada Italy National Film Board Canada National War Finance Committee https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/3eb881dddfb019b5d7ce7aeefb41bb3b.jpg e4b2bb2f02caca18ec21fec961db9643 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sv6j Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 11:08 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Sound/Silent Sound Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators U.S. Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). U.S. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Calls that Cure Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bell System Loucks and Norling U.S. Office of War Information Description An account of the resource <span>This film shows the telephone center and the bedside telephone service in a U.S. Army hospital. Various sizes of telephone booths are provided for men in wheelchairs or with cumbersome splints. Discusses the beneficial impact on a soldiers health by receiving telephone calls from home and loved ones. Advises families how to handle these important calls by acting normal and allowing for soldiers to discuss their injuries on their own terms. </span> Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1945 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sv6j 1945 Bell System communication Loucks and Norling medical care postwar trauma rehabilitation U.S. Office of War Information https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/files/original/3f33dadfde3b3d6f8be1c235630711c7.jpg 4a38a2d8fc187b8eb4c4c8134ad344bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WWII Propaganda Films and IU: Audiovisual Production, Distribution, and Education Subject The topic of the resource World War II Propaganda Films Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Avalon Section PURL The PURL from the Avalon section on the Avalon site https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sp2x Color/Black & White B&W Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 11:54 Sound/Silent Sound Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data 16mm print Nation of Origin Nationality of a film's Producers and/or Creators U.S. Geographic Coverage The spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource. Spatial coverage refers to a physical region (e.g., celestial sector) using place names or coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude). Ardennes, France Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Enemy Strikes Description An account of the resource This 1945 film intended for U.S. civilian audiences uses violent battlefield footage from the fall of 1944 to shame people back home who considered the war over and were returning to a pre-war lifestyle. Scenes show the liberation of Ardennes, France by Allied forces and the German counterattack in the following months. Shots of dead American soldiers are used by the narrator to show how much harder U.S. G.I.'s have it in Europe than those in America complaining about the high cost of goods. Footage recovered from the Nazis depicts German forces planning for and conducting what became known as the Battle of the Bulge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource U.S. War Office Army Pictorial Services Signal Corps Date Issued Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource. 1945 Avalon Video Elements needed for streaming video for the AvalonVideo Plugin Avalon Section PURL PURL for the Avalon Video to embed in an iframe. https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/media/653702sp2x 1945 Army Pictorial Services Signal Corps France military strategy Nazis U.S. War Office